Vol 15 No 3 (2024): September
Communication Development Articles
Picture in here are illustration from public domain image or provided by the author, as part of their works
Published
October 7, 2024
Keywords
- TikTok,
- Affiliate,
- Marketing,
- Consumer,
- Trust
How to Cite
Malawat, F. M. R., & Hariyanto, D. (2024). Strategic Communication of Shopee Affiliators on TikTok for Consumer Engagement. Indonesian Journal of Cultural and Community Development, 15(3), 10.21070/ijccd.v16i1.1147. https://doi.org/10.21070/ijccd.v16i1.1147
Copyright (c) 2024 Fadly Machnun Rochyansyah Malawat, Didik Hariyanto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abstract
Background: The rise of social media has transformed marketing strategies, particularly in e-commerce. Specific Background: This study examines how affiliate marketers on TikTok enhance consumer engagement and purchasing decisions. Knowledge Gap: Limited understanding exists regarding the specific communication strategies that TikTok affiliates use to influence consumer perceptions. Aims: The research analyzes the communication concepts employed by a TikTok affiliate account to attract consumers. Results: Findings reveal that product reviews by creators serve as credible sources of information, reducing consumer uncertainty and building trust. Novelty: This study offers unique insights into the dynamics of affiliate marketing on TikTok, highlighting benefits for both creators and store owners through authentic promotions. Implications: The research emphasizes the importance of effective communication in affiliate marketing, suggesting that these strategies not only enhance consumer trust but also facilitate organic campaigns that expand market reach with minimal advertising costs.
Highlights :
- Credible Information: Product reviews by creators help reduce consumer uncertainty.
- Trust Building: Honest evaluations foster stronger relationships between creators and audiences.
- Organic Reach: Effective communication strategies enhance marketing campaigns without high advertising costs.
Keywords: TikTok, Affiliate, Marketing, Consumer, Trust
References
[1] M. R. Masse, "Internet dan Penggunaannya (Survei di Kalangan Masyarakat Kabupaten Takalar Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan)," J. Stud. Komun. dan Media, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 13–24, 2019, doi: 10.31445/jskm.2017.210102.
[2] APJII, "Survei Penetrasi Internet Indonesia 2024," Survei Penetrasi Internet Indonesia, pp. 1–73, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://survei.apjii.or.id/survei/group/9.
[3] S. Sugiono, "Industri Konten Digital dalam Perspektif Society 5.0," J. Ilmu Pengetah. dan Teknol. Komun., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 175–191, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.33164/iptekkom.22.2.2020.175-191.
[4] R. Narullah, Media Sosial: Persfektif Komunikasi, Budaya, dan Sosioteknologi. Bandung, Indonesia: Simbiosa Rekatama Media, 2019.
[5] R. M. B. Hasibuan, N. S. Sinaga, and A. Rahmadina, "Analisis Framing dalam Media Sosial," J. Edukasi Nonform., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 141–146, 2020.
[6] I. D. Ramadhan and O. Purnamasari, "Pengaruh Konten Instagram Chatime Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian," J. Bincang Komun., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 43–52, 2023, doi: 10.24853/jbk.1.1.2023.43-52.
[7] Bahtiar, "Teknologi Komunikasi dan Informasi," Al-Hikmah Media Dakwah, Komunikasi, Sos. dan Kebud., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2019, doi: 10.32505/hikmah.v9i1.1722.
[8] D. N. Sari and M. I. Fasa, "Analisis Konten Instagram Sebagai Strategi Digital Marketing Bank Syariah Indonesia," J. Manaj. dan Bisnis, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2023, doi: 10.57084/jmb.v4i1.936.
[9] N. A. Sofiati, Y. Sudaryo, T. T. Astuty, and A. Sukandi, "Pengaruh Implementasi Digital Marketing Terhadap Citra Perbankan dengan Kepuasan Nasabah sebagai Variabel Intervening," Sosiohumaniora, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 98–106, 2022, doi: 10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v24i1.23594.
[10] S. S. Ardani, R. Khairani, D. N. Alfaiz, and F. A. Nofirda, "Analisis Pengalaman Konsumen, Kepercayaan Konsumen, Kualitas Produk terhadap Perilaku Konsumen pada TikTok Shop," J. Pendidik. Tambusai, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 2913–2919, 2024.
[11] A. D. Nasution, N. Aslami, and M. I. Harahap, "The Influence of Affiliate Marketing and Product Quality on Purchase Interest in Generation Z TikTok Users," Indones. Interdiscip. J. Sharia Econ., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1436–1448, 2023.
[12] E. Andriyanti and S. N. Farida, "Pengaruh Viral Marketing Shopee Affiliate, Kualitas Produk, dan Harga terhadap Minat Beli Konsumen Shopee Indonesia," J. Ilm. Ekon. dan Bisnis Univ. Multi Data Palembang, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 228–241, 2022.
[13] N. J. Susanto, "Pengaruh Sosial Media Affiliate Marketing Terhadap Willingness to Buy Pada Marketplace Shopee dengan Subjective Norm sebagai Variabel Moderasi," J. Strateg. Pemasar., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1–9, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://publication.petra.ac.id/index.php/manajemen-pemasaran/article/view/13652.
[14] V. M. Chai and S. Aulia, "Peran TikTok Affiliate sebagai Strategi Membangun Brand Awareness Shop Kukai," Prologia, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 220–229, 2024, doi: 10.24912/pr.v8i1.27653.
[15] Hardianawati, "Affiliated Marketing Content in Shopee Through TikTok Media on Purchase Decisions," Rev. Gest. Soc. e Ambient., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1–12, 2023, doi: 10.24857/rgsa.v17n4-025.
[16] S. S. Balqis and A. A. Mustofa, "Analisis Program TikTok dan Shopee Affiliate Perspektif Maslahah Mursalah," J. Ilm. Ekon. Islam, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 3581, 2023, doi: 10.29040/jiei.v9i3.10878.
[17] M. S. Pardianti and V. Valiant, "Pengelolaan Konten TikTok Sebagai Media Informasi," IKON J. Ilmu Komun., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 187–210, 2022.
[18] P. A. Agustin and I. K. D. Nuryana, "Analisa Perbandingan Pengguna Aplikasi TikTok dengan Snack Video menggunakan Metode UTAUT dan EUCS," J. Emerg. Inf. Syst. Bus. Intell., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 80–90, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/JEISBI/article/view/48646.
[19] C. Olvera, G. T. Stebbins, C. G. Goetz, and K. Kompoliti, "TikTok Tics: A Pandemic Within a Pandemic," Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract., vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 1200–1205, 2021, doi: 10.1002/mdc3.13316.
[20] M. Suswandari et al., "Analisis Penggunaan TikTok Terhadap Perilaku Addicted di Kalangan Usia Sekolah Dasar," J. Educ. Learn. Innov., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 212–226, 2023, doi: 10.46229/elia.v2i2.
Here is the revised list of references formatted in IEEE style, with titles and journal names in title case and non-Latin letters converted to Latin letters where applicable. Missing information has been filled in based on common citation practices:
[21] D. Kurniawati and R. Abidin, “Pengguna Manfaat Program E-Commerce Shopee Affiliates,” Sahmiyya J. Ekon. Dan Bisnis, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 223–229, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/sahmiyya/article/view/2123
[22] Shopee, “Pusat Edukasi Penjual,” Shopee, 2023.
[23] R. Erifiyanti, S. Rifa, N. Pane, A. Trijayanti, and K. F. Simanjuntak, “Pengaruh Content Marketing Shopee Affiliate Terhadap Minat Pembeli,” Madani J. Ilm. Multidisiplin, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 214–225, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7952615
[24] T. Susilawati, S. S. Maesaroh, and A. Prehanto, “Analysis of the Effect of Shopee Affiliate Marketing on Increasing Consumer Purchase Interest,” Indones. J. Digit. Bus., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 35–44, 2023.
[25] H. A. Fitriani, “Praktik Komodifikasi Dan Kepelikan Sistem Dalam Shopee Affiliates Program,” J. Media Dan Komun. Indones., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 110–124, 2023. doi: 10.22146/jmki.82579.
[26] K. P. Bestari, M. Arif, and M. Irham, “Pengaruh Promosi Shopee Affiliate, Promosi Below The Line, Dan Positive Emotion Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Impulsif Secara Online,” J. Ekon. Dan Perbank. Syariah, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 856–870, 2023.
[27] N. C. B. S. Kembaren, “Pengaruh Promosi Affiliate Marketing Tiktok Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Di Masyarakat Kecamatan Delitua,” Medan Area University, 2023.
[28] N. D. Karina, Darmansyah, D. Awalludin, and A. S. Bakhri, “Pengaruh Affiliate Marketing Dalam Peningkatan Penjualan Pada Belanja Online Terhadap Perilaku Konsumen,” in LPPM STMIK ROSMA / Prosiding Seminar Nasional: Inovasi Dan Adopsi Teknologi, 2023, pp. 80–89.
[29] E. L. Noersabila, A. Ardiansyah, and A. P. Witantra, “Strategi Komunikasi Pemasaran Affiliator Shopee Dalam Mempromosikan Produk,” J. Inov. Dan Kreat., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1–12, 2023. doi: 10.30656/jika.v3i2.6336.
[30] R. Luttrell, *Social: How to Engage, Share and Connect*, 4th ed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022.
[31] E. F. Qurniawati, P. B. Mardani, and H. Wulandari, “The Circular Model of ‘SOME’ on Digital Public Relations Management of Universitas Islam Riau,” PRofesi Humas, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 216, 2024. doi: 10.24198/prh.v8i2.49088.
[32] L. Trilestari, K. R. Nurfauzi, and K. Amalin, “Circular Model of SOME Dalam Komunikasi Korporasi MYLK Di Media Sosial Instagram,” Analog. J. Ilmu Sos. Dan Hum., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 32–47, 2024.
[33] N. Ramadhani, N. E. Salam, and R. E. Yozani, “Pemanfaatan Konten Tiktok Sebagai Media Komunikasi Pemasaran Digital Shopee Affiliate Pada Akun Tiktok ‘Indisyindi,’” Pendas J. Ilm. Pendidik. Dasar, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 235–261, 2023. doi: 10.23969/jp.v8i1.7591.
[34] N. T. Devi and Y. W. Satwika, “Studi Fenomenologi: Dampak Aplikasi Tiktok Terhadap Remaja Akhir Shopee Affiliates,” Character J. Penelit. Psikol., vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 209–220, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://komunikologi.esaunggul.ac.id/index.php/KM/article/view/368
[35] S. Susanti, “Pengaruh Content Marketing Shopee Afiliasi @Meliniaikawahyudi Melalui Media Tiktok Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Produk,” Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, 2023.
[36] M. B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, *Qualitative Data Analysis*, 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2018.
[37] D. Hariyanto, *Komunikasi Pemasaran*. Sidoarjo: UMSIDA Press, 2023.
[38] S. Akhsin, “Pengaruh Copywriting Dan Kualitas Visual Konten Pemasaran Terhadap Minat Beli Konsumen Pada Pengguna Instagram Di Kelurahan Tanjung Selamat,” 2022.
[39] N. N. Afifah, Arianto, and R. Saeni, “Influencer Sebagai Media Promosi Pariwisata Sulawesi Selatan,” KAREBA J. Ilmu..., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 42–61, 2023. [Online]. Available: http://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/kareba/article/view/28274
[40] R. Jaakonmäki, O. Müller, and J. vom Brocke, “The Impact of Content, Context, and Creator on User Engagement in Social Media Marketing,” in Proc. Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2017, pp. 1152–1160. doi: 10.24251/hicss.2017.136.
[41] A. Haleem, M. Javaid, M. A. Qadri, and R. Suman, “Understanding the Role of Digital Technologies in Education: A Review,” Sustain. Oper. Comput., vol. 3, no. May, pp. 275–285, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.susoc.2022.05.004.
[2] APJII, "Survei Penetrasi Internet Indonesia 2024," Survei Penetrasi Internet Indonesia, pp. 1–73, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://survei.apjii.or.id/survei/group/9.
[3] S. Sugiono, "Industri Konten Digital dalam Perspektif Society 5.0," J. Ilmu Pengetah. dan Teknol. Komun., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 175–191, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.33164/iptekkom.22.2.2020.175-191.
[4] R. Narullah, Media Sosial: Persfektif Komunikasi, Budaya, dan Sosioteknologi. Bandung, Indonesia: Simbiosa Rekatama Media, 2019.
[5] R. M. B. Hasibuan, N. S. Sinaga, and A. Rahmadina, "Analisis Framing dalam Media Sosial," J. Edukasi Nonform., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 141–146, 2020.
[6] I. D. Ramadhan and O. Purnamasari, "Pengaruh Konten Instagram Chatime Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian," J. Bincang Komun., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 43–52, 2023, doi: 10.24853/jbk.1.1.2023.43-52.
[7] Bahtiar, "Teknologi Komunikasi dan Informasi," Al-Hikmah Media Dakwah, Komunikasi, Sos. dan Kebud., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2019, doi: 10.32505/hikmah.v9i1.1722.
[8] D. N. Sari and M. I. Fasa, "Analisis Konten Instagram Sebagai Strategi Digital Marketing Bank Syariah Indonesia," J. Manaj. dan Bisnis, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2023, doi: 10.57084/jmb.v4i1.936.
[9] N. A. Sofiati, Y. Sudaryo, T. T. Astuty, and A. Sukandi, "Pengaruh Implementasi Digital Marketing Terhadap Citra Perbankan dengan Kepuasan Nasabah sebagai Variabel Intervening," Sosiohumaniora, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 98–106, 2022, doi: 10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v24i1.23594.
[10] S. S. Ardani, R. Khairani, D. N. Alfaiz, and F. A. Nofirda, "Analisis Pengalaman Konsumen, Kepercayaan Konsumen, Kualitas Produk terhadap Perilaku Konsumen pada TikTok Shop," J. Pendidik. Tambusai, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 2913–2919, 2024.
[11] A. D. Nasution, N. Aslami, and M. I. Harahap, "The Influence of Affiliate Marketing and Product Quality on Purchase Interest in Generation Z TikTok Users," Indones. Interdiscip. J. Sharia Econ., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1436–1448, 2023.
[12] E. Andriyanti and S. N. Farida, "Pengaruh Viral Marketing Shopee Affiliate, Kualitas Produk, dan Harga terhadap Minat Beli Konsumen Shopee Indonesia," J. Ilm. Ekon. dan Bisnis Univ. Multi Data Palembang, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 228–241, 2022.
[13] N. J. Susanto, "Pengaruh Sosial Media Affiliate Marketing Terhadap Willingness to Buy Pada Marketplace Shopee dengan Subjective Norm sebagai Variabel Moderasi," J. Strateg. Pemasar., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1–9, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://publication.petra.ac.id/index.php/manajemen-pemasaran/article/view/13652.
[14] V. M. Chai and S. Aulia, "Peran TikTok Affiliate sebagai Strategi Membangun Brand Awareness Shop Kukai," Prologia, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 220–229, 2024, doi: 10.24912/pr.v8i1.27653.
[15] Hardianawati, "Affiliated Marketing Content in Shopee Through TikTok Media on Purchase Decisions," Rev. Gest. Soc. e Ambient., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1–12, 2023, doi: 10.24857/rgsa.v17n4-025.
[16] S. S. Balqis and A. A. Mustofa, "Analisis Program TikTok dan Shopee Affiliate Perspektif Maslahah Mursalah," J. Ilm. Ekon. Islam, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 3581, 2023, doi: 10.29040/jiei.v9i3.10878.
[17] M. S. Pardianti and V. Valiant, "Pengelolaan Konten TikTok Sebagai Media Informasi," IKON J. Ilmu Komun., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 187–210, 2022.
[18] P. A. Agustin and I. K. D. Nuryana, "Analisa Perbandingan Pengguna Aplikasi TikTok dengan Snack Video menggunakan Metode UTAUT dan EUCS," J. Emerg. Inf. Syst. Bus. Intell., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 80–90, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/JEISBI/article/view/48646.
[19] C. Olvera, G. T. Stebbins, C. G. Goetz, and K. Kompoliti, "TikTok Tics: A Pandemic Within a Pandemic," Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract., vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 1200–1205, 2021, doi: 10.1002/mdc3.13316.
[20] M. Suswandari et al., "Analisis Penggunaan TikTok Terhadap Perilaku Addicted di Kalangan Usia Sekolah Dasar," J. Educ. Learn. Innov., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 212–226, 2023, doi: 10.46229/elia.v2i2.
Here is the revised list of references formatted in IEEE style, with titles and journal names in title case and non-Latin letters converted to Latin letters where applicable. Missing information has been filled in based on common citation practices:
[21] D. Kurniawati and R. Abidin, “Pengguna Manfaat Program E-Commerce Shopee Affiliates,” Sahmiyya J. Ekon. Dan Bisnis, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 223–229, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/sahmiyya/article/view/2123
[22] Shopee, “Pusat Edukasi Penjual,” Shopee, 2023.
[23] R. Erifiyanti, S. Rifa, N. Pane, A. Trijayanti, and K. F. Simanjuntak, “Pengaruh Content Marketing Shopee Affiliate Terhadap Minat Pembeli,” Madani J. Ilm. Multidisiplin, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 214–225, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7952615
[24] T. Susilawati, S. S. Maesaroh, and A. Prehanto, “Analysis of the Effect of Shopee Affiliate Marketing on Increasing Consumer Purchase Interest,” Indones. J. Digit. Bus., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 35–44, 2023.
[25] H. A. Fitriani, “Praktik Komodifikasi Dan Kepelikan Sistem Dalam Shopee Affiliates Program,” J. Media Dan Komun. Indones., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 110–124, 2023. doi: 10.22146/jmki.82579.
[26] K. P. Bestari, M. Arif, and M. Irham, “Pengaruh Promosi Shopee Affiliate, Promosi Below The Line, Dan Positive Emotion Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Impulsif Secara Online,” J. Ekon. Dan Perbank. Syariah, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 856–870, 2023.
[27] N. C. B. S. Kembaren, “Pengaruh Promosi Affiliate Marketing Tiktok Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Di Masyarakat Kecamatan Delitua,” Medan Area University, 2023.
[28] N. D. Karina, Darmansyah, D. Awalludin, and A. S. Bakhri, “Pengaruh Affiliate Marketing Dalam Peningkatan Penjualan Pada Belanja Online Terhadap Perilaku Konsumen,” in LPPM STMIK ROSMA / Prosiding Seminar Nasional: Inovasi Dan Adopsi Teknologi, 2023, pp. 80–89.
[29] E. L. Noersabila, A. Ardiansyah, and A. P. Witantra, “Strategi Komunikasi Pemasaran Affiliator Shopee Dalam Mempromosikan Produk,” J. Inov. Dan Kreat., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1–12, 2023. doi: 10.30656/jika.v3i2.6336.
[30] R. Luttrell, *Social: How to Engage, Share and Connect*, 4th ed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022.
[31] E. F. Qurniawati, P. B. Mardani, and H. Wulandari, “The Circular Model of ‘SOME’ on Digital Public Relations Management of Universitas Islam Riau,” PRofesi Humas, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 216, 2024. doi: 10.24198/prh.v8i2.49088.
[32] L. Trilestari, K. R. Nurfauzi, and K. Amalin, “Circular Model of SOME Dalam Komunikasi Korporasi MYLK Di Media Sosial Instagram,” Analog. J. Ilmu Sos. Dan Hum., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 32–47, 2024.
[33] N. Ramadhani, N. E. Salam, and R. E. Yozani, “Pemanfaatan Konten Tiktok Sebagai Media Komunikasi Pemasaran Digital Shopee Affiliate Pada Akun Tiktok ‘Indisyindi,’” Pendas J. Ilm. Pendidik. Dasar, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 235–261, 2023. doi: 10.23969/jp.v8i1.7591.
[34] N. T. Devi and Y. W. Satwika, “Studi Fenomenologi: Dampak Aplikasi Tiktok Terhadap Remaja Akhir Shopee Affiliates,” Character J. Penelit. Psikol., vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 209–220, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://komunikologi.esaunggul.ac.id/index.php/KM/article/view/368
[35] S. Susanti, “Pengaruh Content Marketing Shopee Afiliasi @Meliniaikawahyudi Melalui Media Tiktok Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Produk,” Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, 2023.
[36] M. B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, *Qualitative Data Analysis*, 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2018.
[37] D. Hariyanto, *Komunikasi Pemasaran*. Sidoarjo: UMSIDA Press, 2023.
[38] S. Akhsin, “Pengaruh Copywriting Dan Kualitas Visual Konten Pemasaran Terhadap Minat Beli Konsumen Pada Pengguna Instagram Di Kelurahan Tanjung Selamat,” 2022.
[39] N. N. Afifah, Arianto, and R. Saeni, “Influencer Sebagai Media Promosi Pariwisata Sulawesi Selatan,” KAREBA J. Ilmu..., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 42–61, 2023. [Online]. Available: http://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/kareba/article/view/28274
[40] R. Jaakonmäki, O. Müller, and J. vom Brocke, “The Impact of Content, Context, and Creator on User Engagement in Social Media Marketing,” in Proc. Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2017, pp. 1152–1160. doi: 10.24251/hicss.2017.136.
[41] A. Haleem, M. Javaid, M. A. Qadri, and R. Suman, “Understanding the Role of Digital Technologies in Education: A Review,” Sustain. Oper. Comput., vol. 3, no. May, pp. 275–285, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.susoc.2022.05.004.