Indonesian Journal of Cultural and Community Development
Vol 16 No 2 (2025): June
Community Education Development Articles

Education for Pregnant Women with Malocclusion in Their First, Second, and Third Trimesters Regarding the Risk of Gingivitis and Periodontitis
Edukasi Ibu Hamil dengan Maloklusi Pada Usia Produktif Trimester Satu Dua dan Tiga Terhadap Risiko Gingivitis dan Periodontitis


View Article
  • Lila Muntadir*,
  • Evi Rinata,
  • Tontowi Azhari,
  • Dini Ayu Puspitasari,
  • Nabila Fatya Tsabita
Lila Muntadir
Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo, Indonesia *
Evi Rinata
Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo, Indonesia
Tontowi Azhari
Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo, Indonesia
Dini Ayu Puspitasari
Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo, Indonesia
Nabila Fatya Tsabita
Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo, Indonesia

(*) Corresponding Author
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21070/ijccd.v16i2.1223
Published June 30, 2025
Keywords
  • reproductive age of pregnant women,
  • trimester of pregnancy,
  • gingivitis,
  • periodontitis in pregnant women,
  • malocclusion in pregnant women
How to Cite
Muntadir, L., Rinata, E., Azhari, T., Puspitasari, D. A., & Tsabita, N. F. (2025). Education for Pregnant Women with Malocclusion in Their First, Second, and Third Trimesters Regarding the Risk of Gingivitis and Periodontitis. Indonesian Journal of Cultural and Community Development, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.21070/ijccd.v16i2.1223

Copyright (c) 2025 Lila Muntadir, Evi Rinata, Tontowi Azhari, Dini Ayu Puspitasari, Nabila Fatya Tsabita

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

Background: During pregnancy, physiological hormonal changes increase inflammatory responses, particularly in gingival tissue, making gingivitis and periodontitis more likely to occur, which can lead to pregnancy complications such as premature birth and low birth weight. This risk is even higher in pregnant women with malocclusion, especially during the first, second, and third trimesters. Therefore, appropriate and continuous education is crucial for pregnant women with malocclusion to enhance awareness of oral hygiene and health, as well as early detection during pregnancy. Objective: To implement preventive educational efforts targeting the risk of gingivitis and periodontitis among pregnant women with malocclusion who visit the Sedati Sidoarjo Health Centre, regardless of whether they are undergoing orthodontic treatment or not. Method: Interactive education and question-and-answer sessions based on extraoral and intraoral photographs and oral cavity examinations were conducted on 51 pregnant women who came for check-ups at the KIA clinic. All of the pregnant women had malocclusion, and 10 of them wore braces. The examination was conducted to assess the condition of the gums, teeth, and periodontal tissues. Results: The pregnant women enthusiastically participated in the activity, becoming familiar with the terms gingivitis, periodontitis, and malocclusion, and understanding the importance of maintaining oral hygiene, especially during pregnancy. The examination results showed that dental plaque (86.27%) and red gums (54.9%) were most prevalent among women aged 20–35 years and in the second and third trimesters. Conclusion: Interactive education combined with extraoral and intraoral examinations is highly effective in improving oral health during pregnancy and serves as an early detection method for gingivitis, periodontitis, and malocclusion. Most pregnant women with malocclusion in their reproductive years experienced gingivitis, and some also had periodontitis.

Highlights:

  • Hormonal changes increase gingivitis and periodontitis risk during pregnancy.

  • Malocclusion worsens oral health issues, especially in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters.

  • Interactive education and examinations improve awareness and early detection.

Keywords: reproductive age of pregnant women, trimester of pregnancy, gingivitis, periodontitis in pregnant women, malocclusion in pregnant women

View Article

References

  1. Purwaningsih Y, Sutrisno S, Almujadi, Wibowo H. Status Kebersihan Gigi dan Mulut Ibu Hamil Penderita Gingivitis. J Oral Heal Care. 2023;11(1):43–9.
  2. Palanisamy S. The impact of estrogen on periodontal tissue integrity and inflammation—a mini review. Front Dent Med [Internet]. 2025;6(February). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fdmed.2025.1455755
  3. Wijaksana, Bargowo L, Supandi SK. Peningkatan Kesehatan Periodontal Ibu Hamil Dalam Upaya Mengurangi Resiko Bayi Dengan Berat Badan Lahir Rendah. J Layanan Masy (Journal Public Serv. 2020;4(2):275.
  4. Radu CM, Radu CC, Arbănaşi EM, Hogea T, Murvai VR, Chiș IA, et al. Exploring the Efficacy of Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Periodontitis: A Literature Review. Life. 2024;14(4):1–16.
  5. Fidyawati D, Masulili SLC, Iskandar HB, Suhartanto H, Kiswanjaya B, Li X. Clinical and Radiographic Parameters for Early Periodontitis Diagnosis: A Comparative Study. Dent J. 2024;12(12):1–12.
  6. Inayah Y, Horax S, Fajriani, Marhamah, Erwansyah E. Malocclusion: prevention and treatment during growth and development. Makassar Dent J. 2021;10(3):264–7.
  7. Albu ŞD, Suciu I, Albu CC, Dragomirescu AO, Ionescu E. Impact of Malocclusions on Periodontopathogenic Bacterial Load and Progression of Periodontal Disease: A Quantitative Analysis. Microorganisms. 2024;12(8).
  8. Salih Y, Nasr AM, Ahmed ABA, Sharif ME, Adam I. Prevalence of and risk factors for periodontal disease among pregnant women in an antenatal care clinic in Khartoum, Sudan. BMC Res Notes [Internet]. 2020;13(1):1–5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-04998-3
  9. Radwan-Oczko M, Hirnle L, Szczepaniak M, Duś-Ilnicka I. How much do pregnant women know about the importance of oral health in pregnancy? Questionnaire-based survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth [Internet]. 2023;23(1):1–11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-05677-4
  10. Terzic M, Aimagambetova G, Terzic S, Radunovic M, Bapayeva G, Laganà AS. Periodontal pathogens and preterm birth: Current knowledge and further interventions. Pathogens. 2021;10(6):1–13.
  11. Latorre Uriza C, Velosa-Porras J, Roa NS, Quiñones Lara SM, Silva J, Ruiz AJ, et al. Periodontal Disease, Inflammatory Cytokines, and PGE2 in Pregnant Patients at Risk of Preterm Delivery: A Pilot Study. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2018;2018(2):7.
  12. Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas). Laporan Riskesdas 2018 Nasional [Internet]. Lembaga Penerbit Balitbangkes. 2018. p. hal 156. Available from: https://repository.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/id/eprint/3514/1/Laporan Riskesdas 2018 Nasional.pdf
  13. Ghazal E, Kulkarni G. The Role of Interprofessional Education in Oral Health Promotion from Pregnancy to Early Childhood : Narrative Review. Eur Dent Res Biomater J. 2025;
  14. Kumar J, Crall JJ, Holt K. Oral Health of Women and Children: Progress, Challenges, and Priorities. Matern Child Health J. 2023;27(11):1930–42.
  15. Özkal Eminoğlu D, Şahin BN, Biçer D, Dal G, Huseynlı I, Dadashov A, et al. Using patients’ oral photographs for oral hygiene motivation promotes periodontal health: a prospective randomized controlled trial. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):1–11.